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Tingkat isyarat gunung berapi di Indonesia

2010-11-04T19:38:00.000-07:00

Tingkat isyarat gunung berapi di Indonesia
Status	Makna	Tindakan
AWAS	Menandakan gunung berapi yang segera atau sedang meletus atau ada keadaan kritis yang menimbulkan bencana Letusan pembukaan dimulai dengan abu dan asap Letusan berpeluang terjadi dalam waktu 24 jam	Wilayah yang terancam bahaya direkomendasikan untuk dikosongkan Koordinasi dilakukan secara harian Piket penuh
SIAGA	Menandakan gunung berapi yang sedang bergerak ke arah letusan atau menimbulkan bencana Peningkatan intensif kegiatan seismik Semua data menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas dapat segera berlanjut ke letusan atau menuju pada keadaan yang dapat menimbulkan bencana Jika tren peningkatan berlanjut, letusan dapat terjadi dalam waktu 2 minggu	Sosialisasi di wilayah terancam Penyiapan sarana darurat Koordinasi harian Piket penuh
WASPADA	Ada aktivitas apa pun bentuknya Terdapat kenaikan aktivitas di atas level normal Peningkatan aktivitas seismik dan kejadian vulkanis lainnya Sedikit perubahan aktivitas yang diakibatkan oleh aktivitas magma, tektonik dan hidrotermal	Penyuluhan/sosialisasi Penilaian bahaya Pengecekan sarana Pelaksanaan piket terbatas
NORMAL	Tidak ada gejala aktivitas tekanan magma Level aktivitas dasar	Pengamatan rutin Survei dan penyelidikan

sumber:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi

DNS (Domain Name Server)

2010-11-03T17:54:00.000-07:00

DNS kepanjangan Domain Name Server. Fungsi DNS menerjemahkan nama Domain menjadi deretan angka IP. Sehingga untuk penamaan setiap mesin dalam jaringan, manusia tidak perlu mengetahui penamaan asli berbasis angka (alamat IP) tetapi cukup dengan nama atau isti¬lah yang dipahami oleh manusia, misalnya lab6.ittelkom.ac.id yang dalam nama berbasis IP-nya 192.168.17.254.

Secara sederhana DNS hanyalah sebuah komputer yang mencatat data host-name dan alamat ip, setiap mesin yang membutuhkan informasi dari server DNS harus mendefenisikan server DNS mana yang dia ikuti, walaupun sebenarnya Anda bisa menjadi server DNS untuk diri Anda sendiri tetapi ini akan menimbulkan kerancuan nama, oleh karena itu dalam kenyataannya di dalam jaringan ada kesepakatan siapa-siapa saja yang menjadi server DNS, sehingga pencatatan hostname menjadi konsisten untuk semua anggota jaringan yang ada.

Berikut cara kerjanya: ketika anda melakukan query (bisa berupa ping, ssh, dig, host, nslookup, email, dan lain sebagainya) ke sebuah host misalnya durmagati.ee.kurowo.edu maka name server akan memeriksa terlebih dahulu apakah ada record host tersebut di cache name server lokal. Jika tidak ada, name serverlokal akan melakukan query kepada root server dan mereferensikan name server untuk TLD .edu , name server lokal kembali melakukan query kepada name server .edu dengan jenis query yang sama dan mereferensikan kurowo.edu . Name server lokal kembali melakukan query ke name server kurowo.edu dan mereferensikan query selanjutnya ke name server lokal yaitu ee.kurowo.edu . Kemudian name server lokal melakukan query kepada name server lokal yaitu ee.kurowo.edu dan akhirnya mendapatkan jawaban address yang diminta. Penamaan host durmagati.ee.kurowo.edu mungkin bisa diartikan nama sebuah komputer (durmagati) pada Electrical Engineering Department (ee) pada Universitas Kurowo (kurowo.edu) , atau salah.

Berkenalan dengan Rapidleech

2010-11-02T20:52:00.000-07:00

Situs Rapidleech adalah cara membuat trik khusus yang digunakan untuk melakukan koneksi dengan situs2 fileshare ( megaupload.com, rapidshare.com, 4shared.com , dll) sangat lah marak didunia maya ini. Sebenernya konsep kerja situs rapidleech ini tidak jauh beda dengan trik menerobos masuk (melakukan download file) ke situs2 file sharing tadi tanpa harus ikut antrian pengunjung.
Kita kan tahu , selama ini situs- situs fileshare selalu mengkesampingkan user regular seperti saya ini.

Nah dengan adanya situs rapidleech, kita berusaha mengakali situs file share tadi agar bandwith (seakan – akan) menjadi besar.
Coba kita hayati fungsi rapidleech lebih dalam lagi …wkwkwk . Pada saat kita akan download file dari rapidshare.com (misalnya), maka kita akan meregenerate sebuah url download dan IP address. Nah url download dan IP address kita akan dicatat oleh rapidshare.com . Jika kita sudah selesai mendownload file, kemudian kita akan mendownload lagi, maka kita harus menunggu beberapa menit (12 s/d 30 menit) lagi (bagi downloader reguler). Hal ini masih bisa diatasi dengan memutuskan koneksi internet, kemudian mengkoneksikannya lagi. (hal ini tidak berlaku untuk IP Address statis)
Jika koneksi internet kita tergolong koneksi lambat (GPRS misalnya) maka sudah bisa dipastikan kita bakalan gagal download. Nah berawal dari permasalahan seperti ini, maka muncullah istilah Rapidleech, yang dalam hal ini tidak ada hubungan apa – apa dengan rapidshare.com (dalam hal ini sebagai server). Maka situs rapidleech ini pada dasarnya adalah sebuah server yang akan mendownload situs file sharing. Sehingga kita hanya berusaha mengalihkan penyimpanan file dari rapidsare.com dkk (baca: dan kawan kawan) ke situs – situs rapidleech tadi. Barulah kemudian kita mendownload ke PC kita dengan multiple connection (idm atau dap misalnya).
Logikanya; rapidshare dkk selalu online 7 x 24 jam akan di download oleh komputer server (situs rapidleech) yang juga selalu online. Kemudian file hasil download tadi kita simpan di situs rapidleech ini.

Internet

2010-02-12T15:16:00.000-08:00

Internet

Internet can be defined as computer networks and the big wide world, which connects the user computer from a State to other countries around the world, which included a variety of information resources from a static to a dynamic and interactive.

a. Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet protocol designed for the interconnection of computer communication systems in packet switched networks. In general, this protocol is to handle detection errors during data transfer. For data communications, internet protocol implements two basic functions are addressing and fragmentation.

b. TCP

TCP is a protocol that is at the transport layer. The basic concept is the workings of TCP send and receive segment-segment length information and data with varying pasa a internet datagram. TCP guarantees reliability of communication links for doing repairs to the damaged data, lost or wrong send. Data sent in the session packet sequence. But the handling of data has been delayed.

c. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

UDP, which is one of the main protocols over IP is the transport protocol that is simpler compared with TCP. UDP provides "best effort" (not reliable), not sequentially, so that the unicast or multicast UDP segments may be lost. Data is sent as a sequence of bytes (datagram) in one package only. Delivery of data very quickly, so the delay is only the propagation delay only. UDP is used in DNS, ICMP, VoIP, etc..

d. HTTP (Hyper Transport Transfer Protocol)

HTTP is the protocol for web applications that use TCP with the server port 80. Using 2-way communication, clientserver model.

• Client: browsers that do request and receive a web object.

• Server: a web server sends objects in response to client requests.

e. FTP (File Transport Protocol)

FTP allows sending packets / data securely between the client and server.

• Client: side that initiates transfer

• Server: remote host

Call the FTP client FTP server on port 21, use TCP as the transport protocol, then port 20 will also be opened for exchange of data.

Jos coffee

2010-02-12T06:06:00.000-08:00

Jos coffee is coffee that is found in the 19th century pioneered by angkringan traders in the area around Yogyakarta Tugu station and then worldwide popularity in the early 20th century. We as providers are not to be outdone and produced a product similar to coffee taste different and more exciting. This coffee is black coffee mixed with charcoal. Here charcoal is what distinguishes us. Charcoal that we use to use wood that has been preserved with the body of Pharaoh in Egypt. So with these imported charcoal there was a marriage between the Java Coffee with Charcoal Egypt. You will find the experience that you never feel when drinking this coffee. This jos coffee for longer then we were into 2 divisions, namely:

1. Jos Coffee 1x
2. Jos Coffee 2x

1x and 2x this is the number of charcoal that is inserted into the coffee. So why did we just give the option to 2x is because if too much then the coffee will be less and could be spilled. The more coal is more expensive coffee.

Gudeg

2010-02-12T06:00:00.000-08:00

Gudeg (gudheg Java language) is the food of Yogyakarta and Central Java which is made from young jackfruit cooked in coconut milk and seasoned with kluwek. It took many hours to make this dish. Brown leaves are usually produced by the same identity cooked. Gudeg eaten with rice and served with thick coconut milk (areh), chicken, eggs, fried tofu and sauce krecek.

There are many variants gudeg, among others:

* Gudeg dry, ie gudeg areh served with thick, much thicker than plain milk in cooking.
* Gudeg wet, which is gudeg areh presented with watery.
* Gudeg Solo, namely the areh gudeg white.

Kraton Yogyakarta Sultanate

2010-02-12T05:49:00.000-08:00

Ngayogyakarta Keraton or Kraton Yogyakarta Sultanate in general known by the public as one of building the royal palace of the archipelago. Sultan Palace is the official palace of Yogyakarta Sultanate until 1950 when the State government of the Republic of Indonesia to make the Sultanate of Yogyakarta (Duchy together Paku Alaman) as a special autonomous region with a provincial level DIY.

Yogyakarta Palace was founded by the Sultan began Hamengkubuwono I post a few months Giyanti Agreement in 1755. The location of this palace is the former allegedly a pesanggarahan [1] who called Garjitawati. This rest house used to rest funeral procession of kings of Mataram (Kartasura and Surakarta) which will be buried in Imogiri. Another version says the palace is the location of a spring, Pacethokan Bannerman, who was in the middle of the forest Beringan. Before occupying the palace of Yogyakarta, Sultan Hamengkubuwono I stayed at the Guesthouse Amber Ketawang now includes areas Gamping Sleman District [2].

Physically, the palace of the Sultan of Yogyakarta has seven core complex is Siti Hinggil LER (North Hall), Kamandhungan LER (Kamandhungan North), Sri Manganti, Kedhaton, Kamagangan, Kamandhungan Kidul (South Kamandhungan), and Siti Hinggil Kidul (South Hall) [3 ] [4]. Also Yogyakarta Palace had a good variety of cultural heritage in the form of ritual or ancient artifacts and historic. On the other hand, Sultan Palace is also a traditional institution, complete with customary stakeholders. Therefore not surprising that the values of philosophy as well as the mythology surrounding the palace.

Parangtritis Beach

2010-02-12T05:40:00.000-08:00

Parangtritis Beach, is a place of tourism in the form of shore coastal Indian Ocean is located approximately 25 kilometers south of the city Yogyakarta.Parangtritis a tourist attraction famous in Yogyakarta than objects other beaches like Samas, Baron, Kukup Krakal and Beach Glagah. Parangtritis has unique scenery that is not in the other tourist attractions besides the big waves are also the mountain - the frequency dunes around the coast, these dunes called Gumuk. This tourism object is managed by the local government of Bantul pretty well, ranging from lodging facilities as well as souvenir markets offering typical South '. In addition there is bathhouse called wedang machete in the bath water is said to cure various diseases including skin diseases, water from the bath containing sulfur from the mountian at these locations. Another location is the beach kusumo machetes on the beach where there is supposedly for a meeting place between the king with a queen jogjakarta southern ocean. On certain days (usually months suro) here is offering offerings (Labuhan) for the Queen of the South Sea or in the Java language called Nyai Rara Kidul. Locals believe that a person is forbidden to use green colored clothes when they're on this coast. Parangtritis beach into a major tourist visits, especially in the Javanese New Year's Eve (1 sacred / Suro). In Parangtritis there is also horse-drawn carriage or a horse that can be rented for up the coast from east to west.

ABOUT ME

2010-02-11T18:05:00.000-08:00

I was a man who was born in the eastern districts of the province of Yogyakarta Prambanan district. You must immediately think about where I live is full of black stone temple "hehheeee ... but it's not like you imagine if this prambanan city full of stone temples, only temple in the complex prambanan are filled with blackened rock temple. "Weits" ... back to the right path

I was born by a mother who comes from Tasikmalaya (West Java) "Heni Iskandar" and had a father named "Sihono" (original Jowo). So can I conclude when I was a combination of Javanese and Sundanese, although I have an accent so very "medog jowo" if more talking. Right now I'm wandering in the capital city of Bandung West Java, Bandung in the city I look for science to achieve a bright future .. heheheeee began seriously "

Actually, I'm the one they are all in this life, even so I always have a target in this life. Everyone is always judged by their first view that I am the person who is always serious and reserved, but quite the contrary I am a humorous person and like to joke "for some reason can not., Seems quite up to here wrote a little description about me, and the most important do not forget to add my Facebook http://www.facebook.com/aji.priambodo

Site Ratu Boko

2010-02-11T17:57:00.000-08:00

Ratu Boko is the archaeological site is a complex number of the remaining buildings are approximately 3 km to the south of the temple complex of Prambanan, 18 km east of Yogyakarta or 50 km south-west city of Surakarta. Size is a whole complex of about 25 ha.

This site displays the attributes of a place or site berkegiatan settlement, but the exact function is not known clearly. [1] Queen Boko has used those estimated in the 8th century in the House of Sailendra (Rakai Panangkaran) of the Kingdom of Medang (Hindu Mataram). Viewed from the pattern of laying the remains of the building, allegedly this site is the former palace (palace). This opinion is based on the fact that this complex is not a temple or a building with a religious character, but a fortified castle with evidence of remaining walls and dry ditch as a defensive structure. [2] The remains of settlements are also found near the location of this site.

The name "Queen Boko" is derived from local legend. Ratu Boko (Java language, meaning literally: "the king stork") is the father of Loro Jonggrang, who also became the name of the main temple at Prambanan temple complex.

Administratively, this site was in the area of Prambanan District, Sleman District, Yogyakarta and lies at an altitude of nearly 200 m above sea level.

Basic Concept Video Streaming

2010-02-10T21:47:00.000-08:00

Streaming is a technology to play video or audio file directly or with a pre-recorder from a server machine (web server). In other words, video or audio file that is located in a server can be run directly on the EU as soon as there is demand from users, so that the process of running a downloadable application form for a long time can be avoided without having to first storage process. When video or audio file in the stream, will form a buffer on the client computer, and video data - audio white person will be downloaded into the buffer that has formed on the client machine. Within a split second, the buffer has been fully charged and automatically executed by videoaudio file system. The system will read the information from the buffer and keep doing the downloading a file, so the process continues to stream into the engine i.

Real Time Encoding and Pre-encoded (stored) Video or Audio

Video or audio can be encoded for the purpose of communication in real time or may be in the pre-encoded and stored in CD-DVD format to run when needed. One of the applications that require real-time encoding is the videophone and video conferencing. While applications that require pre-encoded include DVD, VCD, known by the local storage or Video on Demand (VoD), which is stored remotely on the server known as streaming video.

Video via File Transfer Download and Transfer via Streaming Video

A video file that will be displayed in the user can use two file transfer methods. First, by downloading the video file and the second with a streaming process. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages of each. A video file is retrieved from the server by downloading dapaat not shown in a video file is copied into the buffer is complete. This method requires the storage medium large enough and the time required to process long enough for downloading video files are usually large. The second method that can be used is the process of streaming. This method seeks to overcome the problems found in the download method. The basic idea of this streaming video is to divide the video packets into several pieces, transmits the data packet, then the recipient (receiver) can play a piece mendecode and video packets without having to wait for the whole files have been sent to the recipient's machine.

VoIP Network Technologies

2010-02-10T20:49:00.001-08:00

IP telephony or commonly known as Voice Over IP is a voice transmission technology (possible also for multimedia data types etc.) in real time, between two or more users with over networks that use Internet protocols.

Configuring VoIP

a. Configuring the phone to phone configuration connects between the phone and the phone with the network over IP by using a VoIP Gateway device that functions to convert voice into data and vice versa paketisasi process

b. Configuring a PC to PC configuration connect between terminals PC with other PC using a router device. The process of encoding, compression, and encapsulation happened to the PC. While recognizing the router serving the destination IP address contained in a datagram and route in accordance with the objectives diinginkan.Aplikasi used on a PC terminal using SoftPhone software or a specific application such as Neetmeeting or the like.

c. Configuring the Phone to PC or vice versa configuration connects between a PC terminal with a telephone terminal or vice versa by using a gateway for the conversion process sounds into data and vice versa. This configuration can connect between the user terminal with PSTN base with a user terminal in the IP network.

VoIP Protocol

VoIP protocol generally divided into two parts, namely Control / signaling and voice data.

a. VoIP is a traffic control that serves to connect and maintain the actual traffic that is, the voice data. Also keep the entire network operation (router to router communications). Also known as Signaling Packet terms.

Compression

Compression in VoIP technology works to reduce the amount of bandwidth needed on each call and simultaneously serves to increase the number of calls / user. In the compression techniques are also several mechanisms to support QoS among others: Voive Activity Detection (VAD) and Compressed RTP (CRTP). On the table shows some large variations and their codecs paylaod owned.

wireless LAN

2010-02-10T20:25:00.000-08:00

Current needs of telecommunications users will begin to lead to the need for data communications. In addition the user started using communications technology that can be accessed anytime and anywhere. This can be seen from the many users who tend to use wireless networks to communicate. Therefore, mobile data comunication or could be called over a wireless data started to be developed so that users can perform data communications whenever and wherever. To support the user and mobilias developed a flexibility factor-based wireless LAN is called a wireless LAN.

Excess wireless LAN than the wired LAN, include:

1. Mobility user

2. Flexible

3. Easy in installation and maintenance

4. Save

In the wireless LAN topology tedapat two kinds of commonly used peer-to-peer or ad-hoc and access point

a. IBSS topology (Indepenent Basic Service Set)

In this network topology consists of several computers, each equipped with a wireless NIC (Network Interface Card). Each computer can communicate directly with all the wireless computers in a BSS (Basic Service Set) or a single cell is not connected to a network backbone. This topology is used when the user is in a complex planning. This topology is also commonly called peer-to-peer, or Ad-Hoc.

b. Access Point topology

In this topology of this network using wirelesss network access point to connect to each other. Access point can act as a hub that mengghubungkan several computers in one or several BSS BSS and can also act as a bridge that connects between the wireless LAN with the wired LAN. Each access Pont has a limited range. Actual coverage depends on environmental conditions, manufacturing, and also a good scope indor and outdoor. In the indoor propagation model access point coverage ranges from 150-300 feet (45-90 meters) and outdoor 1000 feet (300 meters). In addition the number of users in one maksimsal access point depending on the type of manufacturing is used. Generally ranges from 10-100 users.

There are two kinds of access point devices, namely:

a. Dedicated Hardware Access Point

Is a device that is specially made to work as an access point.

b. Software Access Point

Is a computer equipped with a wireless NIC and access point software is made to act as an access point.

KNOWN INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP / IP)

2010-02-06T20:34:00.000-08:00

In order to apply intrenet network should be no standard rules that govern them because it needed an internet protocol.
History of TCP / IP
Internet Protocol was first developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1970 as the beginning of efforts to develop protocols that can interconnect a variety of separate computer networks, each of these networks use different technologies. The main protocol produced this project is the Internet Protocol (IP). The same research also developed that is some high-level protocols that are designed to work with IP. The most important of these projects is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and all protocol groups is replaced with TCP / IP suite. First TCP / IP implemented in the ARPANET, and began to develop after the University of California at Berkeley began to use TCP / IP with the UNIX operating system. In addition to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing Internet Protocol, which also developed the TCP / IP is the Department of Defense (DOD).
The terms in the Internet Protocol
There are several terms that are often found in the discussion of the TCP / IP, which include:
Host or end-system, a customer in the communications network service. Host is usually in the form of individual workstations or personal computers (PCs) where the duties of the host is usually a running application and server software program that serves as a user and the services of communication networks.
Internet, which is a collection of networks (network of networks) is comprehensive and uses TCP / IP to connect such as virtual networks.
Node, is a term applied to the router and host.protocol, which is a standard procedure or rules for defining and setting the data transmission between computers.
Router, is a devices that are used as a link between two or more networks. Different from the host router because routers usually not a goal or data traffic. Routing of IP datagram generally has been done with software. So routing functions can be performed by a host who has two or more networks connection.
Overview TCP / IP
As noted above, the TCP / IP is also developed by the Department of Defense (DOD). DOD has conducted a research project to connect several networks designed by different vendors to be a networks of networks (internet). At first it worked because it only provides basic services such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon. Several computers in a department can use TCP / IP (along with other protocols) in a single LAN. IP component provides routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks and finally to the global Internet. This can make communication network can be damaged, so to deal with it then designing DOD TCP / IP that can automatically improve when there is a node or line failure. The results of this design allows to build very large networks with little central regulation. Because of the automatic repair the problem in the network is not checked and repaired for a long time.
Like other communications protocols, the TCP / IP also has several layers, layers are:
 IP (internet protocol) that play a role in pentransmisian data packets from node to node. IP precedes each data packet based on 4 bytes (for version IPv4) destination address (IP number). Internet authorities create a range of numbers for different organizations. Organization created by the group number for the department. IP gateaway work on machines that move data from department to organization to region and then later to the whole world.
 TCP (transmission transfer protocol) role in improving the delivery of correct data from a client to the server. Data can be lost in the middle of the network. TCP can detect errors or lost data and then conduct retransmissions until the data is received correctly and completely.
 Sockets is a name given to the subroutine package that provides access to TCP / IP on most systems.
Some important things in the TCP / IP

1. Lowest Requestor Network (Network of lowest bidders)
IP was developed to create a network of networks (internet). Individual machines connected to the LAN (Ethernet or Token Ring). TCP / IP LAN to share with other users (Novell file server, windows, etc.). One devices provide a TCP / IP connection between the LAN and the outside world.
To ensure that all types of systems from different vendors can communicate, then the use of TCP / IP standardized on the LAN. Mikroprossesor with increasing speed, fiber optics, and digital phone lines will have created some new technology options that include ISDN, frame relay, FDDI, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
Original design of TCP / IP is as a network of networks that match the current use of technology. Data TCP / IP can be sent via a LAN, or can be taken with an internal corporate SNA network, or data can be connected to cable TV. Furthermore, the machines are connected to one network can communicate with other networks through gateways provided by the network vendor.
2. Addressing Problems
In an SNA network, every machine has Logical Units with the address of each network. DECNET, Appletalk, and Novell IPX has plans to create a number for each local network and for each workstation connected to the network.
In the main part of a network of local addresses, TCP / IP make a unique number for each workstation in the world. IP number is the value of 4 bytes (IPv4) with alter convention each byte into a decimal number (0 to 255 for the IP that is used today) and separates the bytes with a period. For instance 130.132.59.234.
An organization started by sending electronic mail to ask for it Hostmaster@INTERNIC.NET network number. It is possible for almost anyone to get the number for the network of "small class" C "with the first 3 bytes and bytes of network meyatakan final states of individual computers. Larger organizations can get the network "Class B" with the first 2 bytes and the network claimed the last 2 bytes declared states of each workstation to achieve 64,000 individual workstations. Examples of Yale's Class B network is 130,132, so all computers with 130,132 .*.* IP address is connected through Yale.
Then the organization associated with the intenet through one of several regional networks or specific network. given network vendor networks and subscriber numbers added to the routing configuration on each machine.
There is no mathematical formula that changed the number 192.35.91 or 130,132 to be "Aji Priambodo" or "Bambang". The machines that manage large regional network or Internet routers can determine the location of the center these networks with the network for each number in the table. It is estimated that there are thousands of class B network and a network of millions of class C. Customers are connected to the Internet, even big companies like IBM do not need to maintain information on network-jatingan others. They send all the external data into a regional carrier that their customers, and regional carriers to observe and maintain routing tables and doing the right thing.
3. Subnets
Although individual customers do not need the network table number or provide explicit routing, but for most of the class B network can be set internally, so a smaller version of the organization and a simpler network. Usually split the assignment into the internal byte one byte department number and one byte Workstation ID.
Enterprise network constructed by using TCP / IP router box commercially. each router has a table with 255 entries to change one byte department number into the ethernet destination option to connect to one router. For example, a message to the 130.132.59.234 through regional networks National and New England under the number 130,132. Arriving at Yale, department ID 59 Ethernet connector chosen. 234 choose a particular workstation on the LAN. Yale network should be updated as new Ethernet and departments are added, but not affected by the change from the outside or the engine displacement in the department.
4. Pathways indeterminate
Every time a message arrives at an IP router, the router will make a decision about where to next message will be sent. There was a time concept with preselected path for all traffic. Suppose a company with a facility in Yogyakarta, Lamongan, Ciamis and Aceh. Network can be made from four phone lines to form a loop (Jogja to Ciamis to Lamongan to Aaceh to Jogja). A message arrives at the router can go to Jogja Lamongan through Ciamis or through Aceh. answers can be returned to another street.
How a router can make a decision between the router with a router? there is no right answer. Traffic can be mapped with the algorithm "clockwise" (go to Yogyakarta to Aceh, Lamongan to Ciamis). Router can determine, send a message to Aceh and then into the Ciamis. A better routing is to measure traffic patterns and sends data via links to the most is not busy.
If one phone line in a damaged tissue, the message can still reach its goals through other channels. After losing track of Yogyakarta to Ciamis, data can be sent from Aceh to Yogyakarta to Lamongan to Ciamis. That way the path will continue despite the loss of performance decline.
Improvements such as this is an additional section on the design IP.
5. No problems Review (Undiagnosed Problem)
If no error occurs, the network reported to authorities. These errors to be corrected or repaired. IP, is designed to be resilient and strong. Lost node or line is used, but must keep the road network. So IP menkonfigurasi automatically reset itself when there is something wrong. If a lot of redundancy built into the system will continue communications and awake. TCP is designed to restore the node or channel where the propagation failed routing table changes to all router nodes. Because the updating process takes a long time, TCP rather slow to initiate recovery.
6. About Tax IP
Every large company or university that is connected to the Internet must have a network of intermediate level. some routers may be configured to connect to the LAN Several department. All traffic outside the organization associated with a single connection to a network of regional providers.
Thus, the end user can install TCP / IP on your PC without having to know the regional network. Three pieces of information required:
 IP address is made on a PC
 part of the IP address (subnet mask) that distinguishes other machines on the same LAN (messages can be sent directly) with the machines in other departments atao anywhere in the world (that is sent to the router machine)
 IP address of the router machine that connects the LAN to the outside world.
7. Composition of the TCP / IP protocol
Internet originally designed with two main criteria. Two criteria have influenced and shaped hardware and software that is used today. Criteria are: The network must make the communication between researchers in different parts of the world, allowing meraka can share and communicate about their research with each other. Unfortunately, the research needs of a variety of different computer platforms and different network architectures for scientific purposes. So it is necessary for the protocol suite to be associated with a variety of different hardware platforms and even a different network systems. Furthermore, the network should be a strong communications network that has the ability to survive a nuclear attack. This design direction memebawa decentralized network of networks separate, smaller, isolated network that has the ability automatically when needed.
Layer provides for software abstrsaksi level and increase the ability to reuse and platform independence. Layers were intended to completely separate from each other and also independent. Layer does not rely on detailed information from the other layer. Architectural design makes it easier to do maintenance because the layer can be redesigned or developed without destroying the integrity of the protocol stack.
TCP / IP protocol suite consists of 4 layers: Application, Transport, Internetwork, and network interface. Layer can be seen as a hierarchy as below:
Application Layer is an application that sends data to the transport layer. For example FTP, email programs and web browsers.
Transport layer is responsible for communication between applications. This layer and set the brook information may provide error checking. The data is divided into several packets sent to the Internet layer with a header. Header contains the destination address, source address, and checksum. Checksum checked by machine to see if the package was missing on the route.
Internetwork layer responsible for communication between machines. This layer-engcapsul meg package from the transport layer in IP datagrams and routing algorithm to determine where datagaram should be sent. Influx datagram is processed and inspected before it passed the kesahannya Transport layer.
Networks interface layer is the lowest level of the order of the TCP / IP. This layer is the device driver that allows datagaram IP sent to or from the physical network. Dapaat form a network cable, Ethernet, frame relay, token ring, ISDN, ATM networks, radio, satellite or other device that can transfer data from system to system. Network interface layer is an abstraction that allows communication between the multitude network architecture.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

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Chronological development of the computer is divided into five periods of development. The first period (3000SM - 1943) started since the invention of the abacus in ancient China 3000 BC. Abacus is the first numerical calculators made by humans. This period ends when the development of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1943. ENIAC is the first electronic computers in the world.

The second period (1943-1971) started in developing EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the first computer capable of storing programs. The next development, appeared a number of vacuum tube-based computers until the discovery of the microprocessor in 1971, the Intel 4004.

The third period (1972-1981) was marked by bermunculannya companies developing microprocessors and microcomputers such as Apple, Compaq, and Commodore. It ended when Peride found personal computer (PC) first by IBM in 1981.

The development of computers in the fourth period (1982-1990) led to the aspects of speed and reliability with the smaller dimensions and more user friendly. Computer development during this period is relatively slower than the previous period. This period ended in 1990, when the computer is becoming increasingly popular.

The last or fifth period (1991-present) marked by the growing popularity among the user's PC device. Computer functions shifted from machine-oriented professionals and the business grew into entertainment and educational devices. This phenomenon is supported by the development of telecommunications technologies to support interconnections terlaksanakan internet, thus increasing the rate of use and benefit from the use of computers in every aspect of human life.

The following chronology details the development of computers based on the years events.

1. Period 1 (3000SM-1943)
3000SM
Abacus discovery marked the beginning of the development of computers. Humans first time doing mathematical calculations with the help of abacus tool.
1500 Leonardo da Vinci discovered a mechanical calculator. The tool is the first computer that can perform simple operations matamatis
In 1621
Slide Rule discovery that is the origin of electronic calculators and used until 1970
1640 Blaise Pascal invented the arithmetic
In 1800
Jacquard punch cards to find the first that can be used to store data. Punch cards are used in the first electronic computer was found in 1940.
1822 Charles Babbage invented the differential that can be used to reduce the number of operations
1830 Charles Babbage invented the Analytical
1857 Sir Charles Wheatstone uses paper tape to store data. Technique similar to punch cards, paper tape only to be used in a roll without having to enter data on the cards one by one
1926 The first patent for a semiconductor transistor. The data represented by electrical signals
1936
John Dvorak keyboard to find the design easy to use
1937

* Alan Turing discovered turing tests to test whether something is human or not by asking questions like 'Do you have feelings?' Or 'Do you feel pain? "
* Konrad Zuse successfully complete electro-mechanical computer with the name of Z2, which then developed into a Z3 and Z4

1943

Electronic computer for various purposes (general-purpose computer) that first discovered the ENIAC. ENIAC weights more than 30 tons which consisted of 19,000 vacuum tubes, 1500 reai and requires 200 kilowatts of electricity.

2. Period 2 (1944-1971)
1944
Computer that can store programs for the first time we've found (EDVAC)
1948
UNIVAC was the first commercial computer.
1954 Texas Instruments produces the first silicon transistor
1963 Douglas Engelbart received a patent for the invention of the mouse as a pointing device
1964 John Kennedy and Thomas Kurtz develop BASIC programming language at Dartmouth College
IBM 1967 to find a floppy disk
1969 AT & T Bell Laboratories develop the UNIX operating system
1970

* Intel's first microprocessor built 4004
Intel produces chips that are DRAM 1103 which refers to the LSI technology

1971

* Niklaus Wirth find programming language PASCAL
* IBM to produce 8-inch floppy disks with a layer of iron oxide
* IBM 1102 to produce chips, programmable memory, and the ship in 1701, erasable ROM (EROM) 256-byte

3. Period 3 (1972-1981)
1972

* Intel 8008 chip 200KHz produced using 3500-based transistors 10-micron technology. Execution speed 60,000 instructions per second
* The first commercial video game was launched (Atari)
* 5.25-inch disks in circulation

1973

* Gary Kildall create a simple operating system with the language PL / M is called CP / M (Control Program / Monitor)
* IBM introduced the IBM 3340 hard disk (Winchester)
* Bob Metcalfe to invest with Ethernet system interconnect

1974

* Xerox Alto Computer build Bravo, the program's first personal computer with the concept WYSWYG ( 'What You See is What Get Yout')
* Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie develop the C programming language

1977

* Microsoft to produce Microsoft-based computers Fortram for CP / M
* Apple Computer produced Applesoft, a variant of BASIC with floating point capabilities

1980 Sony Electronics introduces the 3.5-inch floppy disk, double-sided, double density, and able to store 875 KB of data
4. Period 4 (1982-1990)
1982

* The first IBM PC Clone, the MPC is produced by Columbia Data Products
* Mouse Systems produced the first commercial mouse for the IBM PC
* Sony Electronics introduces the 3.5-inch floppy disk, double-sided, double density, and capable of storing 1 MB of data
* Laboratory of AT & T Bell designing C + +
* IBM to produce the IBM PC-XT Model 370
* Novel Netware introduced, Network Operating System for the IBM PC
* Wang to find Single In-line Memory Module (SIMMs)

1984

* IBM PC-AT produces 80,286
* IBM discovered Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) with a resolution of 640 x 340 in 16 color
* Hewlett-Packard introduces the LaserJet laser printer with 300 dpi resolution
* Philips to produce a CD ROM player for your PC
* The Massachusetts Institute of Technology began building the X Window System

1985

* IBM 80386DX microprocessors produced using a 16 MHz 32-bit registers and data bus width 32 bits
* IBM introduces Token Ring network topology
* Novel produces NetWare network operating system 2.0

Standardization 1986 ANSI X3.131-1986 for the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI-1)
1987

* Intel introduces the 20 MHz 80386DX microprocessor
* IBM introduced the IBM Personal System / 2 (PS / 2)
* IBM published a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA)
* IBM and Microsoft published the Operating System / 2 (OS / 2)
* Microsoft produces Microsoft Windows 2.0
* Sun Microsystems introduced the first computers based on SPARC, Sun-4/260 with 10 MIPS performance
* Microsoft produces Microsoft Bookshelf, CD-ROM application of the first
* Microsoft produces Microsoft Windows/386
* Microsoft produces Microsoft Word 4.0 for PCs
* Intel introduces math Coprocessor 80,387

1988

* ANSI formally make the SCSI standard
* Apple Computer products to produce the first Ethernet network, Ethertalk Card for Macintosh computers
* Spectrum Holobyte produce Tetris, the first game software imported from the Soviet Union
* Intel 80386DX microprocessor produces 25 MHz with 8.5 MIPS execution speed
* Microsoft produces MS-DOS 4.0 with graphical interface
* Intel 80386SX microprocessor produces 16 MHz with 2.5 MIPS performance
* Compaq Computer introduced the first laptop PC with VGA graphics
* Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is used as a standard bus for IBM PC AT

1989

* The emergence of the VESA graphics standard that can access SuperVGA chipset with a uniform method
* Intel produces microprocessors 80,486
* Microsoft produces Microsoft Word 5.0 for DOS
* The emergence of Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), which establish standards for the PC memory card
* Creative Labs introduces the Sound Balster, mono sound card for 8-bit PC

1990

* Intel introduces 33 MHz microprocessor with 80,486 performance 27 MIPS
* Microsoft Windows 3.0 Microsoft mempoduksi
* IEEE approved the specifications Ethenet 10Base-T
* IBM launched the MCA XGA graphics card to replace VGA with the ability of 640 x 480 resolution and 1024 x 768 that can show both color 65536th

5. Period 5 (1991-present)
1991

* Advanced Micro designing Am386DX, cloce from Intel 386DX chip, a speed of 20 and 40 MHz
* Microsoft produces MS-DOS 5.0 with full-screen editor facility, undelete, unformat, and task swapping. GW-BASIC is replaced with Microsoft-based QBasic QuickBASIC
* Intel produces microprocessors 50 MHz 486 MIPS and 41 speed-based 0.8-micron technology
* Microsoft change the name of operating system built with IBM's OS / 2 v3.0 to Mwindows NT 3.0
* Apple Computer System produces 7.0 for the Macintosh operating system
* The emergence of standardization of PCMCIA 2.0
* Birth stndaisasi Multimedia PC (MPC)
* Technology introduced the MIPS R4000 100 MHz 64-bit
* Creative Labs introduced the Sound Blaster Pro Deluxe, stereo PC sound card first
* Hewlett-Packard introduced the first color scanner, HP Scanjet IIC with 400 dpi resolution 24 bit
* Intel introduces the Peripheral Component Inetconnect (PCI), local bus stand to the PC with the speed of 8-33 MHz which can serve a maximum of 10 devices

1992

* NEC introduced a CD-ROM drive double speed in the first

* Intel introduced the microprocessor i486DX2 with 25/50 MHz clock speed of 41 MIPS

* Microsoft launches Windows 3.1
* Advanced Micro Devices began designing fifth-generation x86 processor (a Pentium class)
* Intel produces microprocessors i486DX2 speed of 66 MHz with 54 MIPS
* Overdrive Intel produces chips for 66 MHz 486SX/33

1993

* Intel Pentium processor produced by 32-bit register 64-bit data bus 4 GB of address space. Built with 3.1 million ransistor BiCMOS 0.8 micron technology. The speed of 60 MHz (100 MIPS) and 66 MHz (112 MIPS)
* Microsoft produces Windows NT 3.1
* PCI Special Interest Group completed the PCI local bus standard version 2.0
* Gateway 2000 introduces the system VESA VL-bus first

1994

* Microsoft Windows melucurkan Ms. 3:11

* Intel processor i435DX4 produce 70.7 MIPS 100 MHz built 1.6 million transistors with 0.6-micron technology

* Microsoft MS-DOS produce 6:22 with a compression utility DriveSpace
* Microsoft launches Windows NT Workstation 3.5 and Windows NT Server 3.5
* IBM launched OS / 2 Warp version 3
* SCSI-2 Standardization of birth

* Apple Computer, Motorola and IBM to produce a computer that can execute a variety of operating systems except windows by using the Power PC microprocessor

* Iomega Corp. introduced the Zip drive and Zip disk with 100MB size

1995

* Intel introduces the P6 processor the Pentium Pro

* Iomega Jaz drive and launch the disk with a capacity of 1GB

* Microsoft released Windows NT 3.51, Windows 95 and Ms Office 95
* Birth of standardization DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)

* Sony Electronics introduced the Playstation, 32-bit game system

* Sega Saturn introduced, 32-bit game system

1996

* Santa Cruz launched the SCA Unixware 2.1

* Nintendo introduced the Nintendo 64, the system 64-bit game console

* Microsoft released Windows NT 4.0

* Microsoft launches Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0, and Ms Office 97
* Microsoft launches Windows CE (Consumer Electronics) operating system hand-held PC.

* Advanced Micro Devices introduces the K6 processor with 16 and 32 bit MMX, cache memory 32 is equivalent to Pentium

* Cyric introduced M2 processors with 16 and 32 bit, cache memory 64 is equivalent to Pentium

1997

* Apple Computer released Mac OS 8.0
* Apple introduced the G3 processor with twice the speed Pentium II chip

1998

* Microsoft launches Windows 98

* Apple Computer launched the iMac

* Intel launched the Pentium II 300, 333, 400, 450

Prambanan temple

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Prambanan Temple or the temple is often referred to Rorojonggrang is the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia. located 17km east of Yogyakarta city. This temple is located precisely at the Prambanan district whose territory is divided between the districts of Sleman and Klaten. This temple was built in about the year 850 AD by one of these two, namely: Rakai Pikatan, the second king of Mataram dynasty is I or Balitung Sambu, during the Sanjaya dynasty. Not long after construction, the temple was abandoned and began to corrupt.

In the year 1733, this temple was found by the CA. Lons a Dutch national, and in the year 1855 Jan Willem IJzerman start cleaning and moving some rocks and soil from the chambers of the temple. few moments later Isaac Groneman doing large-scale demolition and temple stones are piled haphazardly along the River Opak. In the year 1902-1903, Theodoor van Erp maintain a vulnerable section collapsed. In the years 1918-1926, followed by the Bureau of Antiquities (Oudheidkundige Dienst) under PJ Perquin in a more methodical and systematic, as known to his predecessors did removal and demolition of thousands of rock without thinking of the restoration efforts continue kembali.Pada year De Haan 1926 until his death in 1930. In the year 1931 was replaced by Ir. V.R. Van Remondt until the year 1942 and later handed over leadership of the renovation was to the son of Indonesia and it continued until the year 1993 [1].

Many parts of the renovated temple, using new stones, because the original stones were stolen many or reused elsewhere. A temple would be restored only if at least 75% of the original stone is still there. Therefore, many small temples are not rebuilt and it just seemed foundations.

Now, this temple is a protected site by UNESCO started in 1991. Among other things this means that the complex is shielded and has a special status, for example also in situations of war.

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple in Southeast Asia, the main building height is 47m.

This temple complex consists of 8 major temple or temples and more than 250 small temples.

Three main temples called Trisakti and dedicated to the hyang Trimurti: Shiva the Destroyer Batara, Batara Vishnu the Preserver and Batara Brahma, the Creator.

Shiva temple in the middle, contains four rooms, one room in each direction of the wind. While the first contains a statue of Shiva Batara ten feet, the other three statues contain a smaller size, the statue of Durga, sakti or wife Batara Shiva, Agastya, teacher, and Ganesha, his son.

Durga is also known as Rara or Lara / Loro Jongrang (slender virgin) by the local population. For more details see the article Jonggrang East.

Two other temples dedicated to Vishnu Batara, who faced the north and the other Batara dedicated to Brahma, who is facing to the south. In addition there are several other small temples dedicated to the bull Nandi, Shiva's vehicle Batara, the swan, vehicle Batara Brahma, and the Garuda, Vishnu Batara vehicle.

Then relief around the edge of the temple twenty illustrate the epic Ramayana. The version described here is different from Kakawin Ramayana Javanese, but similar to the Ramayana story is revealed through oral traditions. Besides the temple complex is surrounded by more than 250 temples of varying size and called perwara. In the Prambanan temple complex there is also a museum that keeps history items, including the god Shiva Linga stone, a symbol of fertility.